XUE Bosen, ZHA Zhengtao, MU Quanquan, WANG Qidong, PENG Zenghui
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.2026-0078
摘要:To solve the problems of low energy efficiency of small-pixel silicon-based chips and insufficient calculation accuracy of the scalar diffraction theory, this study conducts precise calculation and optimization research on the energy efficiency of silicon-based chips. The energy efficiency of silicon-based chips is calculated using both the scalar diffraction theory and the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, and an experimental verification is carried out by building a 532 nm laser testing system. A λ/4-type multilayer dielectric high-reflection coating is designed using TiO₂/SiO₂ materials, and the optimization rules of the number of coating periods and operating wavelength on energy efficiency are analyzed via FDTD simulations. The research results show that for the currently common silicon-based chips with small pixel sizes (pixel period: 2~8 μm), the absolute error between the energy efficiency calculated by the FDTD method and the experimental results is less than 1%. Coating the multilayer dielectric film can effectively improve the energy efficiency of the chip; when the number of reflective coating periods reaches 5, the energy efficiency of chips of various pixel sizes exceeds 95% in the wavelength range of 450~625 nm.
ZHAO Meng, ZHENG Binxi, SUN He, MA Mingyang, SONG Ce, BAI Jincheng
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.2026-0076
摘要:To address the challenges of complex interference and target occlusion in UAV target tracking, a Siamese network-based tracker named SiamAL is proposed, which incorporates an attention mechanism and an occlusion-discrimination module, along with its variant SiamAL-Det that additionally integrates an object detection module. Based on the SiamDMU algorithm, an attention mechanism is first introduced into the backbone network, and the h-swish activation function is adopted to enhance feature representation under complex interference conditions. A Kalman-filter-based motion prior is then introduced to estimate the target trajectory, and the tracking state is evaluated based on tracker confidence and prediction-observation residuals. In cases of severe occlusion, the motion prior weight is adaptively increased to maintain trajectory continuity. Finally, an integrated detection-and-tracking framework is designed to enhance tracking performance. A lightweight detection branch is triggered for re-detection and correction upon tracking failure or severe drift. Experimental results on the UAV123 dataset show that SiamAL achieves a success rate of 65.3% and a precision rate of 86.6%, while SiamAL-Det achieves 68.6% and 88.8%, respectively. In comparison with several mainstream Siamese network-based trackers, SiamAL outperforms in both success rate and precision, demonstrating the promising application prospects of the proposed method in UAV aerial tracking scenarios.
CHENG Yao, TANG Qingling, LIU Yunyang, TANG Qingtao, LI Wei
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.2026-0075
摘要:Aiming at the problems of expensive and complex distance measurement sensors, low detection accuracy in complex road sections, and slow detection rate in traditional target detection and distance measurement technologies, a vehicle front distance measurement and target recognition technology based on GGW-YOLOv8 is proposed. This algorithm improves YOLOv8n by introducing GAM global attention mechanism before medium target and large target detection head, and improves the feature extraction ability of vehicle target by reducing information loss and amplifying global interaction. The GSConv lightweight convolutional module is introduced in the neck end network to reduce the number of model parameters and the calculation amount by deep separable convolution and shuffle operation. The WIoU_v3 loss function is used to replace the CIoU loss function, and the generalization ability and regression accuracy of the network boundary box are improved by the gradient gain distribution strategy of non-monootone dynamic focusing mechanism. The binocular vision ranging system based on SGBM semi-global stereo matching algorithm was built for vehicle ranging, and the upper computer system integrating vehicle target detection and ranging was developed, and transplanted and deployed to the embedded edge device for real vehicle on-board detection. The experimental results show that compared with the YOLOv8n model, the improved model has a 0.3M reduction in the number of parameters and 0.2G reduction in the amount of computation, and the accuracy of the self-made data set and the public data set is improved by 0.8% and 4.4%, respectively. In the closed section of the school, the absolute value of the average error is 104 mm, and the average relative error is 1.49%; in the real road, the absolute value of the average error is 307.4 mm, the average relative error is 3.29%, and the average time per frame is 30.12 ms, which can meet the needs of actual ranging scenarios.
TANG Bin, WANG Yongping, CHEN Qinrong, DUAN Chunhong, LONG Wen
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.2026-0041
摘要:To address the issues of low visibility in hazy images and dim brightness in dehazed results, a new transmittance estimation method based on contrast and luminance similarity is proposed for image dehazing. First, a differentiable image quality objective function is constructed using contrast and luminance similarity, from which a closed-form analytical solution for transmission is derived by maximizing the function. The transmission is then refined upward via a feedback mechanism. Next, a candidate atmospheric light generation method based on the dark channel prior and quadtree decomposition is introduced, which enhances the robustness of atmospheric light estimation by selecting the second-largest value from the candidate set. Finally, the haze-free image is recovered and enhanced using the atmospheric scattering model. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms comparative methods across multiple image quality metrics. In terms of no-reference evaluation, it achieves superior mean performance in visible edge gradient ratio, saturated pixel ratio, and BRISQUE, with an average gradient ratio improvement of at least 11.0% and a reduction in saturated pixel ratio of at least 30.4%. For full-reference evaluation, the average PSNR is improved by at least 9.5% compared to similar algorithms. Moreover, the average runtime is reduced by no less than 12.76%. Overall, the proposed algorithm effectively enhances both image visibility and brightness while maintaining high computational efficiency.
摘要:To address the issue of insufficient detection accuracy for small objects such as pedestrians in existing PointPillars-based frameworks, we propose an improved method that integrates sparse enhancement with geometric attention. First, we introduce a sparse Pillar enhancement mechanism during the Pillar feature encoding stage to fill in the gaps in geometric information in sparse regions, thereby providing effective material for subsequent feature enhancement. Second, we design a point-aware spatial attention mechanism embedded in the encoding process. Based on two types of geometric features of the completed Pillars, namely point cloud density and average point-to-center distance, we generate dynamic attention weights via a lightweight MLP to prioritize the amplification of feature signals from Pillars related to targets, thereby addressing the shortcomings of traditional attention mechanisms that rely on channel statistics and are ill-suited to point cloud characteristics. To validate the effectiveness of the method, experiments were conducted on the public KITTI 3D object detection dataset, with a focus on evaluating detection performance for small objects. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared to existing improved frameworks based on PointPillars, the average detection accuracy for pedestrian targets in 3D mode increases by 2.54%, and in bird’s-eye-view mode, it increases by 5.91%. This fully validates the effectiveness of the proposed innovative module in optimizing features for small targets and provides a practical solution for perception tasks in long-tail scenarios of autonomous driving.
关键词:computer vision;3D object detection;attention mechanism;point cloud;light detection and ranging
GENG Lijie, HOU Lingqi, FU Zhenxiang, BI Chenglong, ZHU Huajie, LIU Xuanyi, HOU Xingsong, YANG Kun, LI Jin
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.2026-0072
摘要:Seed purity is a critical factor determining farmers’ harvests and income, and rapid, accurate variety identification technology is the core to ensuring purity. This study proposes a non-destructive detection method for maize seeds based on the fusion of LED white light imaging and the YOLOv8 model. Experiments confirm that this method combines the advantages of speed, efficiency, high accuracy, and non-destructiveness. By constructing an optimized LED white light reflection imaging system, we completed image acquisition and annotation for a total of 12,008 seeds from four maize varieties. Comparative experiments show that the YOLOv8m model significantly outperforms the lightweight YOLOv8s in various core metrics, effectively addressing the issue of insufficient identification accuracy for morphologically similar varieties. The model achieved an average precision (AP), recall rate (AR), and F1 score of 99.8% for the four varieties, with an average mAP@0.5 value as high as 99.4%. In real-time performance tests, the YOLOv8m model took 68.6 milliseconds to process a single image, fully meeting the low-latency requirements of seed sorting systems. The research also reveals the impact pattern of dataset scale on model performance, confirming that YOLOv8m maintains excellent stability across datasets of different scales. This study provides a precise and practical technical solution for the field of seed variety identification.
LEI Zhikai, DING Wei, CHENG Hao, LI Shilong, XING Hongyu, YE Wenjiang
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.2026-0073
摘要:Liquid crystal optoelectronic devices face issues such as electrical safety hazards and poor portability. Conventional power supply devices feature high power consumption and reliance on external power sources, making it difficult to meet the demand for lightweight and self-powered operation. There is an urgent need for power supply devices that are safe, portable, low-power, and capable of utilizing renewable energy. This study aims to address these pain points by exploring novel self-powered driving strategies. Innovatively, moisture-enabled electric generators (MEGs) are integrated with polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) gratings to construct a self-powered PDLC grating system. A 2×2 cm MEG is employed as the core energy supply component; its output performance of a single unit is tested, and series-parallel connection optimization is conducted to enhance power output for stable power supply to PDLC gratings. Driving and diffraction performance are evaluated using a conventional signal source as a control. A single 2×2 cm MEG yields an open-circuit voltage of 0.76 V and a short-ci rcuit current of 0.492 mA, and series-parallel configurations can boost power output to meet driving requirements. Its driving stability and response speed are highly comparable to those of the signal source. Moreover, under different supply voltages, the regulation law of diffraction efficiency of PDLC gratings driven by MEGs is completely consistent with that driven by signal sources, with the fluctuation error of diffraction efficiency controlled within 5%, verifying the reliability of the power supply. This study successfully proposes and implements a novel power supply scheme for liquid crystal devices centered on MEGs. It not only provides a green and portable self-powered solution for PDLC gratings, but also offers new ideas and technical references for the research on self-powered driving of various liquid crystal devices, which is of great significance for promoting the application of liquid crystal devices in flexible electronics, portable optoelectronic devices, and other fields.
关键词:polymer dispersed liquid crystal;moisture-enabled electric generator;self-powered
摘要:To address the problems of large scale variation of defects, strong background interference and high complexity of detection models in UAV aerial road inspection, this paper proposes an improved detection model WADW-YOLO based on YOLOv11n. Firstly, a C3k2-WC weighted convolution module is proposed in the backbone network, which realizes spatial position weighting of convolution kernels through a predefined center-enhanced weight matrix, reducing the number of model parameters while focusing on feature extraction of defect regions. Secondly, a lightweight ADown downsampling module is adopted to improve the ability of retaining defect details, and a DAttention deformable attention mechanism is introduced at the end of the backbone to capture both global and local information by adaptively adjusting the receptive field. Finally, a Wise-ShapeIoU loss function is designed by combining the non-monotonic focusing mechanism of Wise-IoU and the geometric shape constraint of ShapeIoU to improve detection performance. WADW-YOLO achieves 74.6% mAP@0.5 on the public China_Drone dataset, which is 3.8% higher than that of YOLOv11n, with 17.8% fewer parameters and 23.8% less computation, achieving an effective balance between detection accuracy and model lightweightness. WADW-YOLO also obtains a 1.8% improvement in mAP@0.5 over YOLOv11n on the China_MotorBike dataset, demonstrating its outstanding generalization performance. This paper provides a technical reference for high-precision and low-power deployment schemes in UAV road defect detection.
ZHANG Sunan, KOU Yuanchao, WANG Zhe, ZHANG Liyuan, LI Yuhao
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.2026-0052
摘要:With the rapid development of intelligent driving and digital twin technology, the efficient and real-time vehicle-road cooperative system has become a research focus. A digital twin smart car system based on improved YOLOv11_OBB-SVDD is designed in this paper. The system consists of five parts: physical smart car, virtual smart car, intelligent visualization service, twin data and dynamic real-time connection. Firstly, a physical smart car that can capture track images in real time through vision sensors to realize autonomous path recognition is constructed, and an industrial camera is deployed above the track to perceive the images of the smart car in the track. Then, a virtual model consistent with the physical smart car is established to enable bidirectional synchronization between the digital and physical domains. YOLOv11_OBB is used to detect the position of the physical smart car and the deflection angle of the body to realize the virtual-real mapping. To enhance the detection performance of small-sized smart cars in images, a frequency-aware feature fusion (FreqFusion) method is proposed to improve the model and enable accurate virtual-to-real mapping. Finally, the virtual smart car determines whether there is a risk of deviation from the track through the position of the digital twin by Support Vector Data Description (SVDD), and sends control signals to the physical smart car using dynamic real-time connection. At the same time, the intelligent visualization service provides the visual dynamic monitoring of the smart car, and the multi-dimensional and multi-scale data of the digital twin smart car system are aggregated by twin data. Experimental results indicate that the proposed improvement of YOLOv11_OBB has achieved an average accuracy of 94.4%, 93.0%, and 92.2% respectively for the detection accuracy, recall rate, and mean average precision when the IOU threshold is 0.5 for the physical smart car. The SVDD-based anomaly detection system achieves an accuracy of 94.5%, a precision of 95.4%, and a recall of 93.5% in identifying both normal driving behavior and track deviation risks in smart car. The entire system operates smoothly and can accurately implement the functions of smart car autonomous tracking and digital twin modules..
关键词:digital twin;smart car;improved YOLOv11_OBB;support vector data description
摘要:To address the problems of local texture and edge-detail loss, limited receptive fields in the convolution branch, and insufficient use of cross-layer structural information in the graph branch for hyperspectral image classification, this paper proposes a CNN-GCN joint classification model with high-low frequency enhancement and cross-layer graph convolution aggregation. The model improves input representation through high-low frequency residual enhancement, extracts multi-scale spectral-spatial features using a multi-stage dynamic convolution encoder, enhances regional structural modeling by cross-layer weighted aggregation in the graph branch, and performs collaborative modeling through cross-branch attention fusion. Experiments on three public datasets, Indian Pines, Pavia University, and Salinas, achieve overall accuracies of 92.94%, 95.11%, and 97.50%, with corresponding Kappa coefficients of 91.94%, 93.50%, and 97.22%, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can effectively integrate local details, spatial context, and regional topological structure information, achieving competitive classification performance across different types of hyperspectral classification scenes.
摘要:Infrared and visible image fusion aims to retain the complementary features of different modalities to achieve robust perception of complex scenes, and it plays a crucial role in numerous fields such as security monitoring, military reconnaissance, and autonomous driving. However, existing image fusion algorithms focus on enhancing the visual effects of images, leading to the ineffective preservation of key semantic information during the fusion process, which in turn affects the application performance of fused images in high-level visual tasks. Although existing methods attempt to cascade the fusion task with high-level visual tasks (segmentation, detection, etc.), this sequential connection has limited enhancement on semantic information. To balance visual effects and downstream tasks, this paper proposes a semantic-driven infrared and visible image fusion network, SDFusion. First, a shared feature encoder is adopted to perform multi-level cross-modal feature extraction for infrared and visible images, fully mining the useful information in both modal images. Then, through the parallel collaborative optimization of the image fusion decoder and the semantic segmentation decoder, while hierarchically injecting encoded features into decoded features to enhance feature representation, the joint modeling of fusion features and semantic features is achieved. Experimental results on public datasets show that compared with traditional methods, this method significantly improves seven objective evaluation indicators. Specifically, EN is improved by 3.7%, SD by 7.3%, MI by 45.3%, VIFF by 18.5%, and by 7.2%. The fusion results of this method demonstrate superior performance in downstream segmentation tasks compared to traditional approaches.These experiments fully demonstrate the effectiveness of the SDFusion method. The fusion results not only achieve obvious improvement in visual effects but also greatly promote the development of high-level visual tasks, providing new ideas and methods for the development of infrared and visible image fusion technology.
关键词:infrared and visible image fusion;semantic-driven;collaborative optimization
摘要:Aiming at the problem that the stitching of borehole wall images in geological exploration is easily affected by multiple factors such as imaging illumination conditions, probe disturbance, and information missing of depth or azimuth, a robust stitching method for borehole wall images under multi-interference imaging conditions is proposed. Firstly, an image mapping method with conditional constraints is adopted to expand a specific sampling region of the borehole wall image into a narrowband image that can be effectively used for stitching under the interference of the imaging light source. Then, the intrinsic characteristics of the images in borehole video are utilized, and an ROI-based registration strategy is adopted to realize the accurate registration of the unfolded narrowband borehole images under the conditions of probe disturbance and information missing of depth and azimuth, and then a precise registration of the unfolded narrowband image of the borehole under the conditions of probe disturbance, missing depth or azimuthal angle. At the same time, a grid-based matching strategy is applied to improve the registration speed. Finally, a row-by-row dynamically weighted image fusion method is adopted to eliminate the stitching traces according to the registration results, which further optimizes the quality of the stitched images. Through the experiments on the simulated images under different geological conditions, the performance indexes of the proposed method with average value of SSIM of 71.39%, average value of PSNR of 26.74, and average value of registration accuracy of 92.38% are better than those of the comparison method. and through the experimental results on the real images of different borehole videos, the objective evaluation indexes of the stitching results obtained by the proposed method, such as EN, SF, AG, MI, and Q_MI, etc., are all improved.
CHANG Peng, ZHAI Yue, WU Na, ZHANG Hong, ZHU Qiang-qiang, WANG Le
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.1-CJLCD2021-0161
摘要:Manganese (Mn2+) ion-doped all-inorganicCsPbCl3 perovskite quantum dots have shown great potential for application in Mini/Micro-LED display devices due to their unique photoluminescence properties and nano-scale particle size. However, the current photoluminescence quantum yields of CsPbCl3:Mn2+ perovskite quantum dots is low and cannot meet the needs of practical applications. Herein, the potassium (K+) and Mn2+ ions co-doped CsPbCl3 perovskite quantum dots are synthesized via the hot injection method. The prepared CsPbCl3:(K+, Mn2+) perovskite quantum dots present a dual-color emission, which can be assigned to the perovskite excitons emission and Mn2+ ions emission. The photoluminescence quantum yield of CsPbCl3:(K+, Mn2+) perovskite quantum dots is improved from 16.5% of original to 66.2% through the optimization of K+ ions doping concentration. Meanwhile, the regulation mechanism of K+ ions doping on the photoluminescence properties of CsPbCl3:Mn2+ perovskite quantum dots are investigated. It is shown that the incorporation of K+ ions can effectively inhibit the formation of intrinsic defect states and Mn-Mn dimers or Mn-related defects in CsPbCl3:(K+, Mn2+) perovskite quantum dots, thus enhancing the radiative recombination luminescence of carriers in perovskite quantum dots. Benefiting from the strategy of hetero-ions doping, these doped perovskite quantum dots are expected to be applied in Mini/Micro-LED display fields.
摘要:Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) is a thin film formed by liquid crystal (LC) droplets embedded in a continuous polymer matrix in the form of micron-sized droplets. The use of click chemistry method to prepare PDLC can avoid the problems of dye decomposition caused by traditional photopolymerization-induced phase separation. In this study, four polyethylene glycol diacrylates (PEGDA) of different alkyl chain lengths were used as raw materials to synthesize PDLC films through thiol-ene click reaction and thiol-isocyanate coupling reaction, to study the effects of different alkyl chain length olefin monomers on the electro-optical properties of PDLC films. The results showed that as the chain length of olefin alkyl chain in the system increased, the threshold voltage (Vth) , saturation voltage (Vsat) and contrast ratio (CR) decreased, while off-state transmittance (Toff) and on-state transmittance (Ton) increased. By selecting olefin with appropriate alkyl chain length, PDLC films with good electro-optical properties can be prepared.
XU Yi-fan, WANG Xin-hua, ZHANG Guang, WANG Shao-xin, LI Ming-da, MU Quan-quan, XUAN Li, LI Da-yu
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.3-CJLCD2021-0005
摘要:Virtual reality technology has huge application potential in many fields, and panoramic cameras are one of the important tools to realize virtual reality.Aiming at the problem that occlusions such as brackets occlude the bottom image of a 720° panoramic camera, this paper proposes a method for eliminating the occlusion of the bottom bracket based on step-by-step shooting. Eliminate bottom occlusion by shooting the side and top once and shooting twice on the bottom.On this basis, optimized for the inconsistency of image brightness on the side, top, and bottom.The global uniformity algorithm will cause images in different regions to influence each other, causing deviations in the uniformity results.Therefore, this paper proposes a Wallis uniform color algorithm based on region growing method image segmentation.The experimental results show that the method in this paper can eliminate the bottom image occlusion; using the algorithm in this paper to even color, the image color difference is reduced by 59.3% compared with the global algorithm.
YU Guo-dong, WANG Chun-yang, LAN Xiao-ye, XU Peng-yu, ZHANG Yue, LIU Xiao-chen, LI Zhong-qi
DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.5-yjyxs2020-0330
摘要:Aiming at the problem of large scene, large field of view image applications and the slow speed of traditional image stitching algorithms, a fast image stitching algorithm based on offline calibration is adopted. In practical applications, the positions of multiple cameras are fixed, and offline calibration is used to calculate the homography matrix of image--stitching, which saves a lot of feature extraction and registration time. On the basis of fast image alignment, this paper proposes a fast image fusion algorithm based on the Laplacian pyramid of YUV color space, and it has better fusion effect and faster speed than the traditional Laplacian pyramid fusion algorithm. Experimental results show that The image fusion speed of the article algorithm is three times that of traditional Laplacian image fusion. Meet the real-time image stitching speed requirements in application scenarios, with good image stitching effects.
摘要:In order to solve the problem of dark color and incomplete defogging after image defogging, an image defogging algorithm based on multi-scale concat convolutional neural network is proposed in this paper. Taking the foggy image as the input, the shallow layer information of the image is extracted from the single scale convolution layer through the preprocessing module, and then the multi-scale mapping module is designed to realize the depth feature learning and the fusion of the deep and shallow layer features. The deconvolution module is used to restore the image size, and the coarse transmittance map corresponding to the foggy image is obtained through the convolution operation. Finally, the haze free image is restored according to the atmospheric scattering model. The experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to other algorithms in both synthetic and natural foggy images, and the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structure similarity (SSIM) can reach 29.238 and 0.9502 respectively. The proposed algorithm can effectively avoid the dark color and distortion of the image, improve the image defogging performance and show good visual effect.
关键词:image dehazing;convolutional neural network;multi-scale concat;image restoration;atmosphere scattering model
摘要:Nowadays, micro-LED is considered as a crucial and one of the fastest growing display technologies in the world as it finds its applications in variety of products from visible light communication applications to large flat panel displays, virtual reality and wearable displays, televisions and light sources for the optogenetics and neural interface. Though the prospects are bright, micro-LEDs still face some technological problems which needs to be addressed in order to get high volume commercialization, which include improving efficiency of LEDs with longer wavelengths, improving efficiency at low current densities, full color schemes, mass transfer, defects and yield management, repair technology and cost control. In this review we have highlighted the different challenges and their optimum solutions for micro-LEDs.
关键词:Micro-LEDs;Display technologies;efficiency of LEDs;mass transfer;III-Nitride
摘要:In view of the problem that the quality of high dynamic range image appearance needs to be improved, In this paper,a tone mapping algorithm based on collaborative filtering is proposed in the chromaticity brightness color space. First, the input high dynamic range image uses the chromaticity brightness color space to extract brightness information and chromaticity information, and then decomposes and reconstructs the chromaticity information and brightness information respectively. Using bilateral filtering technology to decompose the brightness information to obtain the brightness basic layer and brightness detail layer, according to the consistency of the large-scale edge of brightness information and chromaticity information, an algorithm of chromaticity brightness collaborative filtering is constructed to break down the chromaticity information, and obtain the chromaticity base layer and chromaticity texture layer. Finally, the brightness information and chromaticity information are reconstructed, and then converted to the RGB color space to output the final tone mapping results. The results of objective index calculation show that the results of this paper are improved by 25.24%,18.89%,45.89% respectively in image quality score, structural fidelity and image naturality, so that boundary details and color information can be better maintained.
关键词:high dynamic rang image;tone mapping;chromaticity brightness color space;bilateral filtering;collaborative filtering
摘要:In order to assist R & D investment and science and technology projects management, the evolution trend of some main display techniques was evaluated.Based on the S-curve evolution trend, new display technology systems' development stage and direction were judged. And the relationship between R & D investment and market life was analyzed by using the patent quantity in different years.It is showed that liquid crystal and organic light-emitting diode display systems are in the mature and growing period, respectively, E-paper and laser display are in the transitional period, quantum dots and micro light-emitting diodes are in the infancy. A large number of patents indicates a large R & D investment and long market life of a technology. The lower the maturity of the technology system, the higher the invention level of R & D achievements. Therefore, the investment in basic research should focus on infancy, and the investment in R & D of common key technologies should focus on the transition period and the early growth period. The content and leading investors of R & D were put forward.