Progress of electron injection of ITO cathode for inverted organic light-emitting diodes

Lei TIAN; Zhi-yi LI; Guan-hao LIU; Ying WANG

doi:10.37188/CJLCD.2020-0264

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Progress of electron injection of ITO cathode for inverted organic light-emitting diodes

Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices | 更新时间：2021-02-01

- Progress of electron injection of ITO cathode for inverted organic light-emitting diodes
- Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays Vol. 36, Issue 1, Pages: 39-52(2021)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国科学院理化技术研究所, 北京 100190
  2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China;National Natural Science Foundation of China;National Natural Science Foundation of China;National Key Research and Development Project;National Key Research and Development Project
- DOI：10.37188/CJLCD.2020-0264
  CLC： TP394.1;TN383.1
- Received：09 October 2020，
  
  Accepted：10 November 2020，
  
  Published：2021-01
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
Lei TIAN, Zhi-yi LI, Guan-hao LIU, et al. Progress of electron injection of ITO cathode for inverted organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Chinese journal of liquid crystals and displays, 2021, 36(1): 39-52.
DOI：

Lei TIAN, Zhi-yi LI, Guan-hao LIU, et al. Progress of electron injection of ITO cathode for inverted organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Chinese journal of liquid crystals and displays, 2021, 36(1): 39-52. DOI： 10.37188/CJLCD.2020-0264.

摘要

在有机发光二极管(OLEDs)30多年的发展过程中，器件结构设计和功能材料开发是实现器件高效率发光的关键。倒置结构器件被认为是实现OLEDs器件高效率、长寿命的一种可行方案。但倒置器件以ITO为阴极造成了器件电子注入势垒过大，限制了倒置器件的进一步发展。本文以实现倒置器件电子注入原理的不同，分别介绍了n型掺杂、偶极层修饰和隧穿注入等方法在提高ITO阴极电子注入性能的相关研究工作。最后，对提高倒置器件电子注入性能的3种不同策略进行了总结和展望。

Abstract

The design of device structure and the development of functional materials are the keys to achieve high efficiency organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) over the past 30 years. Inverted structure device is considered to be a feasible solution for OLEDs to realize high efficiency and long lifetime. However

the electron injection barrier from the ITO cathode to organic layer is large

which limits the further development of the inverted device. In this paper

we introduce the related research work of n-type doping

dipole layer modification and tunneling injection

which bases on the different mechanisms of electron injection for inverted devices. Finally

three different strategies to improve the electron injection performance of inverted devices are summarized and prospected.

关键词

Keywords

references

李继军, 聂晓梦, 李根生, 等.平板显示技术比较及研究进展[J].中国光学, 2018, 11(5):695-710.

LIJ J, NIE X M, LI G S, et al . Comparison and research progress of flat panel display technology[J]. Chinese Optics , 2018, 11(5):695-710. (in Chinese)

POPE M, KALLMANN H P, MAGNANTE P. Electroluminescence in organic crystals[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics , 1963, 38(8):2042-2043.

viNCETT P S, BARLOW W A, HANN R A, et al . Electrical conduction and low voltage blue electroluminescence in vacuum-deposited organic films[J]. Thin Solid Films , 1982, 94(2):171-183.

TANG C W, VANSLYKE S A. Organic electroluminescent diodes[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 1987, 51(12):913-915.

JOU J H, KUMAR S, AGRAWAL A, et al . Approaches for fabricating high efficiency organic light emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2015, 3(13):2974-3002.

CHEN H W, LEE J H, LIN B Y, et al . Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display:present status and future perspectives[J]. Light : Science & Applications , 2018, 7:17168.

BALDO M A, O'BRIEN D F, YOU Y, et al . Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices[J]. Nature , 1998, 395(6698):151-154.

KIM K H, KIM J J. Origin and control of orientation of phosphorescent and TADF dyes for high-efficiency OLEDs[J]. Advanced Materials , 2018, 30(42):1705600.

KIM H G, KIM K H, KIM J J. Highly efficient, conventional, fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes with extended lifetime[J]. Advanced Materials , 2017, 29(39):1702159.

SHIN H, LEE S, KIM K H, et al . Blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using an exciplex forming Co-host with the external quantum efficiency of theoretical limit[J]. Advanced Materials , 2014, 26(27):4730-4734.

ENDO A, SATO K, YOSHIMURA K, et al . Efficient up-conversion of triplet excitons into a singlet state and its application for organic light emitting diodes[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2011, 98(8):083302.

UOYAMA H, GOUSHI K, SHIZU K, et al . Highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes from delayed fluorescence[J]. Nature , 2012, 492(7428):234-238.

WONG M Y, ZYSMAN-COLMAN E. Purely organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials for organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Advanced Materials , 2017, 29(22):1605444.

WANG H, XIE L S, PENG Q, et al . Novel thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials-thioxanthone derivatives and their applications for highly efficient OLEDs[J]. Advanced Materials , 2014, 26(30):5198-5204.

SHAHNAWAZ, SWAYAMPRABHA S S, NAGAR M R, et al . Hole-transporting materials for organic light-emitting diodes:an overview[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C , 2019, 7(24):7144-7158.

ZHANG D D, QIAO J, ZHANG D Q, et al . Ultrahigh-efficiency green PHOLEDs with a voltage under 3 V and a power efficiency of nearly 110 lm·W -1 at luminance of 10000 cd·m -2 [J]. Advanced Materials , 2017, 29(40):1702847.

KIM J H, PARK J W. Designing an electron-transport layer for highly efficient, reliable, and solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C , 2017, 5(12):3097-3106.

UDAGAWA K, SASABE H, CAI C, et al . Low-driving-voltage blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with external quantum efficiency of 30%[J]. Advanced Materials , 2014, 26(29):5062-5066.

PU Y J, NAKATA G, SATOH F, et al . Optimizing the charge balance of fluorescent organic light-emitting devices to achieve high external quantum efficiency beyond the conventional upper limit[J]. Advanced Material s, 2012, 24(13):1765-1770.

KULKARNI A P, TONZOLA C J, BABEL A, et al . Electron transport materials for organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Chemistry of Materials , 2004, 16(23):4556-4573.

SUGIYAMA K, ISHII H, OUCHI Y, et al . Dependence of indium-tin-oxide work function on surface cleaning method as studied by ultraviolet and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies[J]. Journal of Applied Physics , 2000, 87(1):295-298.

PETROSINO M, RUBINO A. The effect of the PEDOT:PSS surface energy on the interface potential barrier[J]. Synthetic Metals , 2012, 161(23/24):2714-2717.

ZHANG D D, SONG X Z, LI H Y, et al . High-performance fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes utilizing an asymmetric anthracene derivative as an electron-transporting material[J]. Advanced Materials , 2018, 30(26):1707590.

PARKER I D. Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Applied Physics , 1994, 75(3):1656-1666.

ZHOU Y H, FUENTES-HERNANDEZ C, SHIM J, et al . A universal method to produce low-work function electrodes for organic electronics[J]. Science , 2012, 336(6079):327-332.

ZHENG X Y, WU Y Z, SUN R G, et al . Efficiency improvement of organic light-emitting diodes using 8-hydroxy-quinolinato lithium as an electron injection layer[J]. Thin Solid Films , 2005, 478(1/2):252-255.

CHIBA T, PU Y J, KIDO J. Solution-processable electron injection materials for organic light-emitting devices[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C , 2015, 3(44):11567-11576.

BIN Z Y, LIU Z Y, QIU Y, et al . Efficient n-dopants and their roles in organic electronics[J]. Advanced Optical Materials , 2018, 6(18):1800536.

JACOBS I E, MOULÉ A J. Controlling molecular doping in organic semiconductors[J]. Advanced Materials , 2017, 29(42):1703063.

FUKAGAWA H, SASAKI T, TSUZUKI T, et al . Long-lived flexible displays employing efficient and stable inverted organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Advanced Materials , 2018, 30(28):1706768.

SESSOLO M, BOLINK H J. Hybrid organic-inorganic light-emitting diodes[J]. Advanced Materials , 2011, 23(16):1829-1845.

MORII K, ISHIDA M, TAKASHIMA T, et al . Encapsulation-free hybrid organic-inorganic light-emitting diodes[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2006, 89(18):183510.

BOLINK H J, CORONADO E, REPETTO D, et al . Air stable hybrid organic-inorganic light emitting diodes using ZnO as the cathode[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2007, 91(22):223501.

MORII K, KAWASE T, INOUE S. High efficiency and stability in air of the encapsulation-free hybrid organic-inorganic light-emitting diode[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2008, 92(21):213304.

HEKMATSHOAR B, KATTAMIS A Z, CHERENACK K, et al . A novel TFT-OLED integration for OLED-independent pixel programming in amorphous-Si AMOLED pixels[J]. Journal of the Society for Information Display , 2008, 16(1):183-188.

CHEN Y Z, WEI X F, LI Z, et al . n-Doping-induced efficient electron-injection for high efficiency inverted organic light-emitting diodes based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C , 2017, 5(33):8400-8407.

LV X P, WANG H, MENG L Q, et al . Highly efficient inverted organic light-emitting diodes based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence[J]. Science China Materials , 2016, 59(6):421-426.

LI J, OU-YANG W, WEIS M, et al . Electric-field enhanced thermionic emission model for carrier injection mechanism of organic field-effect transistors:understanding of contact resistance[J]. Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics , 2016, 50(3):035101.

HAN S, LEE M H, IHM J. Dynamical simulation of field emission in nanostructures[J]. Physical Review B , 2002, 65(8):085405.

于瑶瑶, 喻叶, 林雯嫣, 等.高效率N掺杂有机电致发光器件的研制[J].发光学报, 2018, 39(3):315-321.

YUY Y, YU Y, LIN W Y, et al . Highly efficient N-doped organic light-emitting devices[J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence , 2018, 39(3):315-321. (in Chinese)

PARTHASARATHY G, SHEN C, KAHN A, et al . Lithium doping of semiconducting organic charge transport materials[J]. Journal of Applied Physics , 2001, 89(9):4986-4992.

WEI P, OH J H, DONG G F, et al . Use of a 1 H -benzoimidazole derivative as an n-type dopant and to enable air-stable solution-processed n -channel organic thin-film transistors[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society , 2010, 132(26):8852-8853.

GAUL C, HUTSCH S, SCHWARZE M, et al . Insight into doping efficiency of organic semiconductors from the analysis of the density of states in n-doped C 60 and ZnPc[J]. Nature Materials , 2018, 17(5):439-444.

CHANG J J, LIN Z H, LIN M, et al . Solution processed F doped ZnO (ZnO:F) for thin film transistors and improved stability through co-doping with alkali metals[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C , 2015, 3(8):1787-1793.

CHEN G, LIU F Y, LING Z T, et al . Efficient organic light emitting diodes using solution-processed alkali metal carbonate doped ZnO as electron injection layer[J]. Frontiers in Chemistry , 2019, 7:226.

LUO Y Q, YU T C, NIAN L, et al . Photoconductive cathode interlayer for enhanced electron injection in inverted polymer light-emitting diodes[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , 2018, 10(13):11377-11381.

LIN X, WEGNER B, LEE K M, et al . Beating the thermodynamic limit with photo-activation of n-doping in organic semiconductors[J]. Nature Materials , 2017, 16(12):1209-1215.

LIU W B, LIU S H, YU J, et al . Efficient inverted organic light-emitting devices with self or intentionally Ag-doped interlayer modified cathode[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2014, 104(9):093305.

SMITH H L, DULL J T, LONGHI E, et al . n-Doping of a low-electron-affinity polymer used as an electron-transport layer in organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Advanced Functional Materials , 2020, 30(17):2000328.

TANG X, DING L, SUN Y Q, et al . Inverted and large flexible organic light-emitting diodes with low operating voltage[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2015, 3(48):12399-12402.

JIANG X, WONG F L, FUNG M K, et al . Aluminum-doped zinc oxide films as transparent conductive electrode for organic light-emitting devices[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2003, 83(9):1875-1877.

MEYER J, GÖRRN P, HAMWI S, et al . Indium-free transparent organic light emitting diodes with Al doped ZnO electrodes grown by atomic layer and pulsed laser deposition[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2008, 93(7):073308.

NAYAK P K, YANG J, KIM J, et al . Spin-coated Ga-doped ZnO transparent conducting thin films for organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics , 2009, 42(3):035102.

SHI Y L, HU Y, WANG S P, et al . High transmittance Er-doped ZnO thin films as electrodes for organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2019, 115(25):252102.

ANGEL F A, WALLACE J U, TANG C W. Effect of lithium and silver diffusion in single-stack and tandem OLED devices[J]. Organic Electronics , 2017, 42:102-106.

CHOONG V E, PARK Y, GAO Y, et al . Photoluminescence quenching of Alq 3 by metal deposition:a surface analytical investigation[J]. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 1998, 16(3):1838-1841.

NIAN L, ZHANG W Q, ZHU N, et al . Photoconductive cathode interlayer for highly efficient inverted polymer solar cells[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society , 2015, 137(22):6995-6998.

XIE Z Q, WÜRTHNER F. Hybrid photoconductive cathode interlayer materials composed of perylene bisimide photosensitizers and zinc oxide for high performance polymer solar cells[J]. Advanced Energy Materials , 2017, 7(16):1602573.

LEE H, MAENG M J, HONG J A, et al . Highly efficient green, blue, and white phosphorescent inverted organic light-emitting diodes by improving charge injection and balance[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2017, 5(38):9911-9919.

BIN Z Y, DUAN L, QIU Y. Air stable organic salt as an n-Type dopant for efficient and stable organic light-emitting diodes[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , 2015, 7(12):6444-6450.

PARK J S, LEE B R, LEE J M, et al . Efficient hybrid organic-inorganic light emitting diodes with self-assembled dipole molecule deposited metal oxides[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2010, 96(24):243306.

ZOJER E, TAUCHER T C, HOFMANN O T. The impact of dipolar layers on the electronic properties of organic/inorganic hybrid interfaces[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces , 2019, 6(14):1900581.

ISHII H, SUGIYAMA K, ITO E, et al . Energy level alignment and interfacial electronic structures at organic/metal and organic/organic interfaces[J]. Advanced Materials , 1999, 11(8):605-625.

CHEN Y Z, LIU X J, BRAUN S, et al . Image-force effects on energy level alignment at electron transport material/cathode interfaces[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C , 2020, 8(1):173-179.

GAO Y L. Surface analytical studies of interfaces in organic semiconductor devices[J]. Materials Science and Engineering : R : Reports , 2010, 68(3):39-87.

LEE B R, LEE S, PARK J H, et al . Amine-based interfacial molecules for inverted polymer-based optoelectronic devices[J]. Advanced Materials , 2015, 27(23):3553-3559.

HÖFLE S, SCHIENLE A, BRUNS M, et al . Enhanced electron injection into inverted polymer light-emitting diodes by combined solution-processed zinc oxide/polyethylenimine interlayers[J]. Advanced Materials , 2014, 26(17):2750-2754.

KIM Y H, HAN T H, CHO H, et al . Polyethylene imine as an ideal interlayer for highly efficient inverted polymer light-emitting diodes[J]. Advanced Functional Materials , 2014, 24(24):3808-3814.

FUKAGAWA H, MORII K, HASEGAWA M, et al . Highly efficient and air-stable inverted organic light-emitting diode composed of inert materials[J]. Applied Physics Express , 2014, 7(8):082104.

CHIBA T, PU Y J, IDE T, et al . Addition of lithium 8-quinolate into polyethylenimine electron-injection layer in OLEDs:not only reducing driving voltage but also improving device lifetime[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , 2017, 9(21):18113-18119.

OHISA S, KATO T, TAKAHASHI T, et al . Conjugated polyelectrolyte blend with polyethyleneimine ethoxylated for thickness-insensitive electron injection layers in organic light-emitting devices[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , 2018, 10(20):17318-17326.

OHISA S, SUZUKI M, CHIBA T, et al . Doping of tetraalkylammonium salts in polyethylenimine ethoxylated for efficient electron injection layers in solution-processed organic light-emitting devices[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , 2019, 11(28):25351-25357.

MÉNDEZ H, HEIMEL G, WINKLER S, et al . Charge-transfer crystallites as molecular electrical dopants[J]. Nature Communications , 2015, 6(1):8560.

WANG C C, DUONG D T, VANDEWAL K, et al . Optical measurement of doping efficiency in poly(3-hexylthiophene) solutions and thin films[J]. Physical Review B, 2015, 91(8):085205.

FUKAGAWA H, HASEGAWA M, MORII K, et al . Universal strategy for efficient electron injection into organic semiconductors utilizing hydrogen bonds[J] . Advanced Materials , 2019, 31(43):1904201.

BIN Z Y, DONG G F, WEI P C, et al . Making silver a stronger n-dopant than cesium via in situ coordination reaction for organic electronics[J]. Nature Communications , 2019, 10(1):866.

FUKAGAWA H, SUZUKI K, ITO H, et al . Understanding coordination reaction for producing stable electrode with various low work functions[J]. Nature Communications , 2020, 11(1):3700.

LI A Y, NIE R M, DENG X Y, et al . Highly efficient inverted organic solar cells using amino acid modified indium tin oxide as cathode[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2014, 104(12):123303.

DENG X Y, NIE R M, LI A Y, et al . Ultra-low work function transparent electrodes achieved by naturally occurring biomaterials for organic optoelectronic devices[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces , 2014, 1(7):1400215.

RITTICH J, JUNG S, SIEKMANN J, et al . Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) work function tailoring by covalently bound carboxylic acid self-assembled monolayers[J]. Physica Status Solidi (B) , 2018, 255(8):1800075.

ZHAO Y Y, NOTHERN D, YADAV A, et al . Effects of substrate topography on current injection and light emission properties of organic light emitting devices[J]. Organic Electronics , 2014, 15(12):3529-3537.

LOU X, WANG X X, LIU C H, et al . Small-sized Al nanoparticles as electron injection hotspots in inverted organic light-emitting diodes[J]. Organic Electronics , 2016, 28:88-93.

ZHOU L, XIANG H Y, ZHU Y F, et al . Multifunctional silver nanoparticle interlayer-modified ZnO as the electron-injection layer for efficient inverted organic light-emitting diodes[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , 2019, 11(9):9251-9258.

LU Z H, HU J X, ZHONG Y N, et al . Carrier injection in organic electronics:Injection hotspot effect beyond barrier reduction effect[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2018, 113(4):043302.

Views

103

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Advances in alternating current-driven light-emitting devices

Related Author

Lei TIAN

Zhi-yi LI

Guan-hao LIU

Ying WANG

Fei PAN

Yi-zhong DAI

Ming-guang LI

Run-feng CHEN

Related Institution

Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials， Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry

Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Display, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications

Institute of Advanced Materials （IAM）， Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials （SICAM）， Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications

AI问答

Address：No.3888 Dong Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, China 130033 Postal code：130033
Tel：0431-86176059 Email：yjxs@ciomp.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 吉ICP备11002662号-17 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰