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长春理工大学 电子信息工程学院, 吉林 长春 130022
Received:16 June 2026,
Revised:2026-07-15,
Published:05 August 2026
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WANG Cen, WANG Caixia, LIU Peng. Wild small object detection algorithm based on improved YOLO11n[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 2026, 41(8): 1144-1157.
WANG Cen, WANG Caixia, LIU Peng. Wild small object detection algorithm based on improved YOLO11n[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 2026, 41(8): 1144-1157. DOI: 10.3724/CJLCD.2026-0108. CSTR: 32172.14.CJLCD.2026-0108.
针对野外环境中目标尺度小、纹理信息弱、背景干扰复杂以及边界框定位偏差明显等问题,提出一种基于改进YOLO11n的野外小目标检测算法。首先,引入自适应亚像素上采样(ASU)模块,通过亚像素重排和注意力掩码,增强小目标边缘和纹理细节特征;其次,引入多尺度显著性增强模块(MultiSEM),通过多尺度空洞卷积和双池化通道注意力,增强小目标区域响应并抑制复杂背景干扰;最后,构建显著性指数交并比损失函数SE-CIoU,通过引入中心距离指数惩罚和遮挡感知形状约束,提高小目标检测的定位精度和稳定性。实验结果表明,在自建WDD数据集上,改进算法的精度、召回率和mAP@0.5分别为88.8%、91.4%和94.0%,较YOLO11n基准网络算法分别提高0.6%、6.6%和3.3%;在iWildCam2022-Small数据集上进行的泛化实验表明,mAP@0.5达到64.5%,较YOLO11n提高3.7%。所提算法能够在保持轻量化检测框架的基础上,有效增强野外小目标的细节表达、显著性响应和边界框定位能力,提高复杂野外场景下小目标检测精度,并具备一定泛化能力。
To address the problems of small target scale, weak texture information, complex background interference, and obvious bounding-box localization deviation in wild environments, an improved YOLO11n-based algorithm for wild small object detection is proposed. First, an adaptive sub-pixel upsampling(ASU) module is introduced to enhance feature fusion for small objects. Through sub-pixel rearrangement and attention masks, ASU strengthens the representation of edge and texture details, thereby reducing the loss of fine-grained information during upsampling. Second, a multi-scale saliency enhancement module(MultiSEM) is introduced before the detection head. By using multi-scale dilated convolutions, the module extracts spatial features under different receptive fields, and dual-pooling channel attention is further used to enhance the response of small target regions while suppressing interference from complex backgrounds. Finally, a saliency-exponential Complete Intersection over Union loss function(SE-CIoU) is constructed for bounding-box regression. By introducing a center-distance exponential penalty and occlusion-aware shape constraints, SE-CIoU strengthens the position and shape constraints between predicted boxes and ground-truth boxes, thus improving the localization accuracy and stability of small object detection. Experimental results show that, on the self-built WDD dataset, the improved algorithm achieves a precision of 88.8%, a recall of 91.4%, and an mAP@0.5 of 94.0%, which are 0.6, 6.6, and 3.3 percentage points higher than those of the YOLO11n baseline network algorithm, respectively. Generalization experiments on the iWildCam2022-Small dataset show that the mAP@0.5 reaches 64.5%, which is 3.7 percentage points higher than that of YOLO11n. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can effectively enhance detail representation, saliency response, and bounding-box localization ability for wild small objects while maintaining a lightweight detection framework. Therefore, the improved YOLO11n algorithm improves small object detection accuracy in complex wild scenes and shows certain generalization ability.
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